Racism Is The Conviction Of The Demise Of More Than 62...

Bigotry is in charge of the demise of more than 62 million individuals in the last century. (Abdul Malik Mujahid para 1) Racism is the conviction that a few races are innately unrivaled (physically, mentally, or socially) to others and consequently have a privilege to overwhelm them. Amid the previous 500 to 1000 years, prejudice with respect to Western forces toward non-Westerners has had a much more huge effect on history than any other structure. Prejudice is a one of the greatest reason for suicide, one tenth of individuals who commit suicide in a year are people of color people. Racism has changed many people s views towards white people as well. Malcolm X s life was changed due to bigotry. Prejudice was the motivation behind his becoming into a vagrant and why his jail sentence was extended. His perspective of white people changed and as a result of it found out about Islam. This exposition will discuss his childhood, his transformation to Islam, notable occasion in his life, c ontribution to individuals of color and the black community, and a reflection on his letter to Mecca. Malcolm’s life was loathsome since the start of his life. Malcolm X was conceived on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm was the fourth of eight youngsters destined to Louise, a homemaker, and Earl Little, a minister who was likewise a dynamic individual from the neighborhood section of the All-inclusive Negro Change Affiliation and enthusiastic supporter of dark skinned patriot pioneerShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesand misguided before its powerful social and political ideas were fully appreciated. Most important, however, was the Rastafarian insistence that Africa was the promised land and that Jamaicans should look to Africa for their model of value rather than to Europe, which was seen as foolish and a painful reminder of slavery and oppression. Rasta was an offense to those who wanted to deny the African part of their heritage. And the truth is also that in Jamaica at that time the privileging of lighter-skinnedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmajor shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. In the decades that followed the Great War, the victorious European powers appeared to have restored, even expanded, their global political and economic preeminence only to see it eclipsed by the emergence of the Soviet and U.S. superpowers on their periphery and a second round of even more devastating global conflict. The bifurcated international system that resultedRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesbirth and was often seen as distinct from one another. However, with advent of the process of globalization, there is now the integration and homogenization of cultures. â€Å"Homogenization of cultures is the loss of diversity of culture between two or more cultural groups†. Thus, our topic, â€Å"globalization and its effects on cultural integration in the Czech Republic† The Czech Republic is a country with a rich cultural heritage with works of art seen in theatres, cinemas, libraries, globally recognizedRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagescompanies also created beneficial impacts for many other companies in dealing with these fundamental wide-rang ing issues. These beneficial impacts had an enormous effect in galvanizing fundamental business innovation in companies at a far faster rate than would have been the case if there had been no boom; that is, without those effects, innovation might not have taken place at all. All this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and decision making. It has presented chiefRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages..................................................................................................... 256 Fallacious Appeal to Authority ........................................................................................................ 257 More about Assessing Credibility ............................................................................................... 259 Spotting an Authoritys Bias .........................................................................................

Sociological Imagination And Cultural Imagination - 796 Words

Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological imagination to study how society affects individuals. The definition of sociological imagination by Mills, is â€Å"the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society.† (1996-2016 LoveToKnow, Corp). Sociological imagination is the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal structures in particular (, 2013, p. ). During my Sociological Imagination Project, I chose to spend 2 hours at Pat Hurley park and observe and analyze with the eyes of a sociologist. While at the park I was looking for social patterns in people’s behaviors. In order to see the social patterns, I needed to identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure. During my micro-level analysis of the small groups and individual interactions. I noticed a variety of patterns that existed which were race, gender, ag ing, family, class, and culture. There was a lot of diversity among the social groups at the park which consisted of Mexicans, African Americans, Native Americans, and a few Caucasians. The Social Class of most individuals were lower class minority families. One social group I observed was a group of 10-year-old boys who were playing football. The coaches and boys were all different races which mostly consisted of minorities. The individuals were very competitive and you could see who were the leaders among theShow MoreRelatedThe Sociological Imagination Of M Ā Ori Health Inequalities And Cultural Diversity Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesable to understand and analyse the historical and cultural processes that have impacted on the MÄ ori health inequalities, so that they can best deliver and improve MÄ ori health care (Nursing Council of New Zealand [NCNZ], 2011). This essay will explore and discuss the contemporary MÄ ori health inequalities and cultural diversity in New Zealand using the sociological imagination analysis model. According to Mills (1959), sociological imagination proposes the ability to pull away from the familiarRead MoreSociology Imagination833 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined sociological imagination as the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society. The sociological imagination is the capacity to shift from one perspective to another: from the political to the psychological; from examination of a single family to comparative assessment of the national budgets of the world; from the theological school to the military establishment; from considerations of an oil industry to studies of contemporary poetry.[1] Sociological Imagination:Read MoreThe Sociological Perspective Of Sociology963 Words   |  4 PagesAfter a careful study and a deeper research on an introduction to sociology, I have come to understand that no problem can be solved well enough if one does not have the sociological perspective which is defined as a way of looking at the world through a sociological lens. In fact, there is the need of the lens that will help one to view situations and have the eye to emerge through different views to solve that problem. This mirror has become a doorway that will help one to have a beginner’s mindRead MoreEssay on The Sociological Imagination859 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination is when an individual views his society as the potential cause for his daily successes and failures. Individuals often tend to view their personal issues as social problems and try to connect their individual experiences with the workings of society. Mills believes that this is the way for individuals to gain an understanding of their personal dilemmas. The sociological imagination helps people connect their own problems with public problemsRead MoreAnalysis of the sociological imagination and its use in sociology.1483 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Imagnation The sociological imagination is the ability to look at the everyday world and understand how it operates in order to make sense of their lives. It is a state of mind, which enables us to think critically about and understand the society in which we live, and our place in that world as individuals and as a whole. C. Wright Mills, first wrote of the concept in 1959. His understanding of it being that it was a quest for sociological understanding involving a form of consciousnessRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination and Freedom from Feelings of Entrapment1133 Words   |  5 PagesThe sociological imagination is the â€Å"quality of mind† (Mills, 1959: 4) that enables individuals to look outside their private sphere of consciousness and identify the structures and institutions in society that influence or cause their personal experiences. In this way, by looking at the bigger picture, they can understand their place in society and explain their circumstance in terms of societal i nfluence. It was developed by Mills in a time of great social upheaval – industrialisation, globalisationRead MoreEssay about Sociology Midterm955 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1. Define the sociological perspective or imagination, cite its components, and explain how they were defended by C. Wright Mills. The sociological imagination is defined as being a way of thinking that helps us use information or data to form theories about the social patterns around us. We collect information and from that information we may make judgments or prediction. However we cannot view society in one’s own point of view. Everyone is different so it is important to not only form our ownRead MoreAnalysis Of Dalton Conley s You May Ask Yourself 1267 Words   |  6 PagesDalton Conley’s book, You May Ask Yourself, defines sociological imagination as, â€Å"The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces† (Conley 2015, pg. A-11). Sociological Imagination is the idea of being able to step outside of the box, and evaluate society from an alternative point of view. Symbolic Interactionism, norms, socialization, and the idea of understanding yourself vs. understanding the social aspect ofRead MoreO besity as a Social Issue Essays869 Words   |  4 Pagesas a person trouble, when looked at globally, is in fact a social issue. This idea is referred to by C.Mills as the sociological imagination. The sociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills is an idea which gives an individual the ability to understand the connection between a problem and the history of that problem (Mills, 2000).He states that the sociological imagination is â€Å"A quality of mind that will help use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations ofRead MoreSociological Imagination: Generalized Anxiety Disorder1536 Words   |  7 Pagesbe discussing the generalized anxiety disorder and how if effects society today. The sociological Imagination allows a person to look at a social problem past the particular circumstances of a certain person and look at how it affects people as a whole. Using this theory sociologist have been taught to ignore individuals and look at society as a whole. Social forces are a big part of the sociological imagination. Social forces are anything that affects society. So, a social forces could be anything

Woodlawn Case Part 3 Free Essays

Case Part 3 Report for the CFO There are several necessary journal entries that have been made to adjust the unadjusted trial balance. For Allowance for doubtful accounts: 1. In 2009, $ 58,621. We will write a custom essay sample on Woodlawn Case Part 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now 84 was directly written off to bad debt expense reflecting the amounts owed by customers who had gone bankrupt during the year. The journal entry would have been recorded as Dr Bad debt expense 58,621. 84 Cr Account receivable 58,621. 84 To record the uncollectable amount due to customer bankruptcy. The conditions of using the direct write-off method is either for companies in their first year of operations, or for whom uncollectible accounts are immaterial. Woodlawn does not fit either case. Therefore, it is wrong for Woodlawn to use the direct write-off method. The following journal entry is what should have been recorded, Dr Allowance for doubtful account 58,621. 84 Cr Account receivable 58,621. 84 To record the uncollectible amount due to customer bankruptcy. Therefore, the following adjusted entry is made to correct the write-off of $58,621. 4. Dr. Allowance for doubtful account 58,621. 84 Cr. Bad debt expense 58,621. 84 To record the correction of error made in write-off. 2. Historically, bad debt has averaged out to approximately 1. 5% of revenues. Therefore, we estimate that bad debt in 2009 would be 1. 5% of revenue. The journal entry is the following, Dr. Bad debt expense 20,279. 28* Cr. Allowance for doubtful account20,279. 28 To record the estimated uncollectible amo unt. *(Calculation: 1. 5%*$1,351,951. 83=20,279. 28) 3. As Tim mentioned that Woodlawn has received $93,256. 1 that’s over 90 days past due since August 31, 2010. There is no journal entry needed to be done, since it had past the fiscal year end. 4. Woodlawn has not received $69,942. 13 from Erie Limited that’s past due over 90 days. But since Erie always paid its bills, there is no need to write-off Erie Limited to AFDA. No adjusted entry needed. 5. Calculation of total amount of Allowance for doubtful accounts (AFDA). Assumption for calculating AFDA: we estimate the percentage for AFDA in 2010 to be 11%. This estimation is based on: 1. Based on the information Michael provided, the worse of the recession is over and current economic conditions have improved since last month. 2. Customers are paying slower then previous years due to bad economic conditions. Therefore the percentage of AFDA should fall in a range among percentages of 2008-2009, which is 4. 9%-13. 1%. We estimate 11% to be a better choice. The total amount of AFDA ending balance is 11%* $374,692. 53=$41,216. 18 In order to calculate the AFDA amount needed to adjust, we need the AFDA opening balance which is $35,000 from trial balance, the correction of error made in write-off $58,621. 4. $ 58,621. 84| $35,000 ? | $41,216. 18| ADFA ? = $41,216. 18+$58,621. 84-$35,000=$64,838. 02 The adjusted entry is made based on the previous information, Dr Bad debt expense 64,838. 02 Cr Allowance for doubtful accounts 64,838. 02 To record the adjustment made for Allowance for doubtful accounts at the fiscal year end. For Insurance: Calculation of the adjustment of p repaid expenses at the year end: Prepaid insurance for the beginning of September 1, 2009: $9,300 Insurance from Fife Insurance: Policy Period: 2010/05/20-2011/05/20 Amount: $12,885. 48 For the period beginning at Sept, 1 2009, to year end at August 31,2010 is 103 days in total, Total Insurance expense = $12,885. 48* 103/365=$3,636. 18 Balance required at year end=$12,885. 48-$3,636. 18=$9,249. 30 Prepaid expense adjustments =$9,300-$9,249. 30=$50. 70 The adjusted entry is made based on the previous calculation, Dr Insurance expense $50. 70 Cr Prepaid insurance$50. 70 To record the adjustment of prepaid insurance How to cite Woodlawn Case Part 3, Essay examples

How Australia’s Soaring Housing Costs Affect The Economy

Question: Describe how Australias soaring housing costs affect the economy. Answer: Housing prices had various macroeconomic effects on the economy. Rising house prices is considered to be categorized as a wealth effect which makes owners feel wealthier inducing them to spend more on their private consumption. The soaring house prices also imply that households who are otherwise not able to borrow now can borrow against the increasing equity of their houses and hence further increasing private consumption. In recent times Australias housing prices had been soaring. Australias houses as estimated by the International Monetary Fund are overvalued by 10%. The housing price inflation occurred as Australia moved towards 2000s with low interest rates and the gush of mining related income leading to growing private credit and rise in housing prices. Increase in private borrowing to buy houses has also driven up the prices further. As per the article by Tom Bentley and Jonathan West, from 1985 to 2015, bank lending in Australia increased from 20% of the GDP to approximately 130%. This private debt accumulated by the households is largely for housing. Australia accounts for the highest ratio of housing debt to total lending of 54% in the world and second highest ratio mortgage debt to GDP of 99%. These indicate that Australia is placed at a risk of a downturn in housing prices, and also housing being an unproductive economic investment, excessive private lending for housing is siphoning way finance from productive business investments which shall bring forth new products and services. Housing finance increased from 25% of credit outstanding in the year 1990 to over 60% in the present time. While over the same period business lending declined from 65% to 35% reflecting the Australian economys changing structure. Considering the data and information given we look into the various effects of the rising housing prices both positive and negative on the economy. Higher housing prices as earlier mentioned act as a wealth effect and house owners feel wealthier which in turn results into greater consumption/spending and reduction of savings by these individuals which increase the aggregate demand of the economy boosting the GDP and growth. In Australia, real estate stands out as an important investment asset and increases in property prices above the construction costs, influences the building of new houses. This boom in the construction sector also boosts employment and the overall demand in the property related sectors. Turning to negative effects, the strength of the total wealth effect is not certain and depends on other factors too like the duration of the rise in house prices which may be temporary or permanent or ownership rates of houses in the economy. Hence the wealth effect varies in such situations. On the other hand, rising prices also reduces the number of people who can afford the houses at such prices and they have to increase their savings for higher deposits to get mortgage loans which in turn reduces their consumption spending subjecting them to incidences of housing stress and crisis. Hence, we see that the housing sector plays a vital role in the Australian economic growth. But the soaring housing prices is impeding investments in the real economy hinging the developments of skilled workers and further increasing inequality which has effects on Australias long term growth. The rising prices have driven up the wealth inequality and the article concludes on the note that this rising inequality should be curbed by redistribution of opportunity and reward widely. References: Bentley, T West J 2016, Australias soaring housing costs signal needs for a new economic consensus, viewed 18 May 2016. Carter A 2013, High house prices damage business and the economy, viewed 18 May 2016. Mankiw, G 2003, Macroeconomics, Worth publishers, New York. Samuelson, P Nordhaus, W 2010, Economics, Mc Graw hill, New Delhi.

How Australia’s Soaring Housing Costs Affect The Economy

Question: Describe how Australias soaring housing costs affect the economy. Answer: Housing prices had various macroeconomic effects on the economy. Rising house prices is considered to be categorized as a wealth effect which makes owners feel wealthier inducing them to spend more on their private consumption. The soaring house prices also imply that households who are otherwise not able to borrow now can borrow against the increasing equity of their houses and hence further increasing private consumption. In recent times Australias housing prices had been soaring. Australias houses as estimated by the International Monetary Fund are overvalued by 10%. The housing price inflation occurred as Australia moved towards 2000s with low interest rates and the gush of mining related income leading to growing private credit and rise in housing prices. Increase in private borrowing to buy houses has also driven up the prices further. As per the article by Tom Bentley and Jonathan West, from 1985 to 2015, bank lending in Australia increased from 20% of the GDP to approximately 130%. This private debt accumulated by the households is largely for housing. Australia accounts for the highest ratio of housing debt to total lending of 54% in the world and second highest ratio mortgage debt to GDP of 99%. These indicate that Australia is placed at a risk of a downturn in housing prices, and also housing being an unproductive economic investment, excessive private lending for housing is siphoning way finance from productive business investments which shall bring forth new products and services. Housing finance increased from 25% of credit outstanding in the year 1990 to over 60% in the present time. While over the same period business lending declined from 65% to 35% reflecting the Australian economys changing structure. Considering the data and information given we look into the various effects of the rising housing prices both positive and negative on the economy. Higher housing prices as earlier mentioned act as a wealth effect and house owners feel wealthier which in turn results into greater consumption/spending and reduction of savings by these individuals which increase the aggregate demand of the economy boosting the GDP and growth. In Australia, real estate stands out as an important investment asset and increases in property prices above the construction costs, influences the building of new houses. This boom in the construction sector also boosts employment and the overall demand in the property related sectors. Turning to negative effects, the strength of the total wealth effect is not certain and depends on other factors too like the duration of the rise in house prices which may be temporary or permanent or ownership rates of houses in the economy. Hence the wealth effect varies in such situations. On the other hand, rising prices also reduces the number of people who can afford the houses at such prices and they have to increase their savings for higher deposits to get mortgage loans which in turn reduces their consumption spending subjecting them to incidences of housing stress and crisis. Hence, we see that the housing sector plays a vital role in the Australian economic growth. But the soaring housing prices is impeding investments in the real economy hinging the developments of skilled workers and further increasing inequality which has effects on Australias long term growth. The rising prices have driven up the wealth inequality and the article concludes on the note that this rising inequality should be curbed by redistribution of opportunity and reward widely. References: Bentley, T West J 2016, Australias soaring housing costs signal needs for a new economic consensus, viewed 18 May 2016. Carter A 2013, High house prices damage business and the economy, viewed 18 May 2016. Mankiw, G 2003, Macroeconomics, Worth publishers, New York. Samuelson, P Nordhaus, W 2010, Economics, Mc Graw hill, New Delhi.

DOS And Unix Essays - Software, Computer Architecture,

DOS And Unix Compare and Contrast Microsoft DOS with UNIX As is suggestive of its name, an operating system (OS) is a collection of programs that operate the personal computer (PC). Its primary purpose is to support programs that actually do the work one is interested in, and to allow competing programs to share the resources of the computer. However, the OS also controls the inner workings of the computer, acting as a traffic manager which controls the flow of data through the system and initiates the starting and stopping processes, and as a means through which software can access the hardware and system software. In addition, it provides routines for device control, provides for the management, scheduling and interaction of tasks, and maintains system integrity. It also provides a facility called the user interface which issues commands to the system software. Utilities are provided for managing files and documents created by users, development of programs and software, communicating between users with other computer systems and managing user requirements for programs, storage space and priority. There are a number of different types of operating systems with varying degrees of complexity. A system such as DOS can be relatively simple and minimalistic, while others, like UNIX, can be somewhat more complicated. Some systems run only a single process at a time (DOS), while other systems run multiple processes at once (UNIX). In reality, it is not possible for a single processor to run multiple processes simultaneously. The processor of the computer runs one process for a short period of time, then is switched to the next process and so on. As the processor executes millions of instructions per second, this gives the appearance of many processes running at once. User programs are usually stored on a hard disk and need to be loaded into memory before being executed. This presents the need for memory management, as the memory of the computer would need to be searched for a free area in which to load a users program. When the user was finished running the program, the memory consumed by it would need to be freed up and made available for another user when required (CIT). Process scheduling and management is also necessary, so that all programs can be executed and run without conflict. Some programs might need to be executed more frequently than others, for example, printing. Conversely, some programs may need to be temporarily halted, then restarted again, so this introduces the need for inter-program communication. In modern operating systems, we speak more of a process (a portion of a program in some stage of execution (CIT, 3)) than a program. This is because only a portion of the program is loaded at any one time. The rest of the program sits waiting on the disk until it is needed, thereby saving memory space. UNIX users speak of the operating system as having three main parts: the kernel, the shell and the file system. While DOS users tend not to use the term kernel and only sometimes use the term shell, the terms remain relevant. The kernel, also known as the "Real Time Executive", is the low-level core of the OS and is loaded into memory right after the loading of the BIOS whenever the system is started. The kernel handles the transfer of data among the various parts of the system, such as from hard disk to RAM to CPU. It also assigns memory to the various system-level processes that occur whenever the computer does anything. The kernel is also responsible for scheduling the CPU's operations and for letting the shell access the CPU (PC Mag, 1). The shell is the visible user interface to the OS and is a program that loads on top of the operating system and offers users commands that lets them access the OS. Strictly speaking, the shell is an input utility that offers access to the operating system. Technically speaking, the shell, being a separate program, is not a part of the OS at all. In the UNIX world a number of shells are available, among them the Korn shell, the C-shell, the Bourne shell and the Bourne Again shell (yes, really). In DOS, the standard shell is COMMAND.COM, again nothing more than a program. As different versions of command.com came with different versions of DOS, each added new commands and new things that could be done by the user. For example, DOS 4's COMMAND.COM added the /P switch to DEL to verify each deletion, and DOS 5's COMMAND.COM provided the ability to

How To Say Both in Spanish

How To Say Both in Spanish There are various ways of expressing the idea of both in Spanish. Translating Both Meaning Too Most of the time, both simply means two and functions as an adjective or pronoun. In such cases, you can translate both as either ambos (ambas in the feminine) or los dos (las dos in the feminine). The two terms are almost interchangeable; ambos is somewhat more formal. Here are some examples: Los dos se abrazaron. (Both hugged each other.)Las dos cartas escritas desde Calabria reflejan la misma bondad. (Both letters written from Calabria reflect the same kindness.)A los dos nos duele la cabeza si tenemos hambre. (Both of us have a headache if were hungry.)Los dos là ­deres de Al Qaeda ms buscados en Irak murieron durante una operacià ³n militar. (Both of the most-wanted leaders of Al-Qaida in Iraq died during a military operation.)Ambos creyeron poder demostrar la existencia de Dios. (Both believed they could demonstrate the existence of God.)Me gustarà ­a mucho leer ambos libros. (I would very much like to read both books.)Ambas dijeron que no volvern nunca ms al Perà º tras esta amarga experiencia. (Both said they would never return to Peru after this bitter experience.)Ambas opciones son buenas, y a veces no prefiero ninguno. (Both options are good, and sometimes I dont prefer either one.) Note that in each of the above examples, ambos or los dos also could have been translated as two or the two. Translating the Emphatic Both There are many cases where both isnt the equivalent of two, usually when it is used for emphasis. Theres no one set way to express the concept; you need to look at the sentence to determine the context and develop a translation in that way. Here are some examples; note that the translations given arent the only ones possible: El aprendizaje es una asociacà ­Ãƒ ³n en el cual tanto el maestro como el estudiante juegan un papel dinmico.  (Learning is a partnership in which both the teacher and the student play a dynamic role.  Here, both adds emphasis, indicating that the teacher, as well as the student, play a role.)Queremos comprar una casa grande y adems barata. (We want to buy a house that is both big and cheap. The use of both suggests that the two qualities normally dont go together and thus adds emphasis. Here, adems, which usually means also, fulfills a similar function.)Pablo y Raà ºl tienen sendos hematomas que estn siendo tratados. (Pablo and Raà ºl both have bruises that are being treated. Both is used here to clarify that each of the victims, not just one of them, is bruised. Sendos is an always-plural adjective often translated as respective or his or her own and is used here to provide a similar meaning. Sendos or sendas can also refer to more than two.)Hubo errores de uno y otro lado e n el conflicto. (There were errors on both sides of the conflict. Both is used to emphasize the existence of a contrast, which uno y otro also does.) No es posible perder peso y comer lo que te gusta al mismo tiempo. (It isnt possible to both lose weight and eat everything you want. Both here suggest that two actions are being done simultaneously. Al mismo tiempo means at the same time.) Translating Common Phrases With Both At least English phrases or idioms with both have Spanish equivalents. Both sides, when referring to opposing sides of an argument or position, can be translated idiomatically with las dos campanas, which means literally both bells. Siempre oigo las dos campanas antes de hacer un juicio. (I always listen to both sides before making a judgment.)Creo que nuestros servidores pà ºblicos no escuchan las dos campanas. (I believe our public servants arent listening to both sides.) The best of both worlds can be translated literally as lo mejor de dos mundos or loosely as lo mejor de cada casa (literally, the best of each house). Este vehà ­culo ofrece lo mejor de dos mundos, la deportividad de un coupà © y la espaciosidad de un SUV. (This vehicle offers the best of both worlds, the sportiness of a coupe and the space of an SUV.)Brasil es in paà ­s multicultural que tiene lo mejor de cada casa. (Brazil is a multicultural country that has the best of both worlds.

Pleasantville Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pleasantville - Essay Example and polished world they represented did not express the truth about life, thus giving people a false belief about what it means to live in the United States. Looking at the writings of Cornelius Plantinga Jr. and Bruce Epperly, the film Pleasantville is analyzed against writings that express the meaning of God within the life of the Christian, creating a discourse on how the perfection of this world is measured against the expectations of God. Plantinga reminds his readers that God expects us to embrace suffering, to go out into the world and serve without expecting to find glory. Epperly reminds us that the world is bigger than the human experience, that finding the whole world gives the human experience the authenticity that God had intended. Through looking at Pleasantville through the writings of Plantinga and Epperly, the Christian experience in the world is expressed as more than just the illusions of perfection as it is sought after within the confines of the American dream. The film Pleasantville (1998) is a fantasy in which the idea of what is the ideal of American life is explored through the concept of 1950s television. Television shows such as Leave it to Beaver and Daddy Knows Best are often used as measures against which the American dream is examined for the best case scenario. In the film Toby McGuire and Reese Witherspoon are sucked into an alternate universe of Pleasantville, a black and white television program. Pleasantville is McGuire’s favorite television program and a bit of magic occurs during a marathon which pulls them into this universe. The perfection of the world is challenged as the black and white life of the characters begin to give way to bursts of color as they emerge on landscapes and people when their belief systems are challenged by the two interlopers. This symbolizes the nature of the oppression of emotions as they are released so that a greater depth is experienced. The restrictive, always content and serenely bla nd

Corporate social resposibilty for cannon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate social resposibilty for cannon - Essay Example Sustainability marketing adopts business practices, which promote sustainability in various aspects. These offer a remedy to environmental problems, and include a company’s production methods, as well as products, and marketing activities, which should result in minimal or no environmental pollution and depletion of resources (Charter et al 2002). Nonetheless, sustainable marketing is beneficial to a company in many ways. Sustainability marketing helps in the optimization of the performance of a company. According to Hunt (2010), adoption of sustainable marketing gives a company a competitive advantage. This will then result in an increased financial performance of a company. Often, companies compete for a competitive advantage in resources, which will offer them a position of competitive advantage in the market, and this is achieved by adoption of sustainable marketing. ... This is because customers and businesses are not restricted to buying the brand only. These also buy the philosophies and policies of a company. Therefore, most clients will purchase from a company that prioritizes environmental, social, and ethical issues (Charter et al 2002). Sustainable marketing also helps a company to create strong relationships with its customers, employees, other companies, and the community. If a company adopts sustainable marketing, this gives it brand trust. Therefore, customers and other stakeholders will have trust in the company, thus show their loyalty to the company, and this boosts positive relationships in the company, which is important for the prosperity and sustainability of a company (Diane & Schouten 2012). Question 2 According to Belz & Peattie (2012, p.29) sustainability marketing involves â€Å". . .planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling marketing resources and programmes to satisfy customers’ wants and needs, while consi dering social and environmental criteria and meeting corporate objects.† Therefore, using the sustainability marketing framework by Belz & Peattie (2012), it is possible to evaluate how Dannon integrates different elements of sustainability marketing into its business approach. In this sustainability marketing framework, two major aspects are essential are important, and these include the consumer behaviour and socio-ecological problems. Therefore, when developing different sustainability marketing elements, Dannon had to consider the behaviour of its customers in the market, as well as the present socio-ecological problems, which are prevalent in this 21st Century, where increased globalization and technological advances are experienced (Lofdahl

Chemistry Practice - Bonding energy kinetics Lab Report

Chemistry Practice - Bonding energy kinetics - Lab Report Example The bond is covalent in nature. There is a sharing of electrons between these two atoms, giving rise to a covalent bond. The electronegativity value of H is 2.1 while that of O is 3.5 (Brown, LeMay and Bursten, 1991). There will hence be a distortion of the electron cloud, thus causing the molecule to be polar. The bonding between oxygen and hydrogen is polar covalent in nature. Polar molecules are attracted to a charged rod. In these molecules, the centres of positive and negative charges do not cancel each other out, giving rise to permanent dipoles. When a positive rod is used, the negative end of the dipoles are attracted towards the rod while the positive end of the dipoles are attracted to a negative rod. 3. Using the 'electron pair repulsion theory', state and explain the shape of the following compounds and in each case sketcha diagram to show the arrangemant of the atoms in space, labelling the bond angles. In AlCl3, the three outer electrons of the aluminium atom are bonded to the outer electrons of three chlorine atoms. Since there are no lone pair of electrons, the structure will not be distorted. According to the electron pair replusion theory, the three bonded pairs repel each other as far apart as possible. AlCl3 will hence be trigonal planar in shape with a bond angle of 120 (Brown, LeMay and Bursten, 1991). (b) SiH4 In SiH4, the four outer electrons of the silicon atom are bonded to the outer electrons of four hydrogen atoms. There are no lone pair of electrons. According to the electron pair replusion theory, the four bonded pairs repel each other as far apart as possible. SiH4 will hence be tetrahedral in shape with a bond angle of 109.5. (c) PCl5 In PCl5, the five outer electrons of the phosphorus atom are bonded to the outer electrons of five chlorine atoms. There are no lone pair of electrons. According to the electron pair replusion theory, the five bonded pairs repel each other as far apart as possible. The shape of PCl5 will be trigonal bipyramid, with bond angles of 120 and 90. 12 marks 4. Enthalpy changes for the reactions of carbon and aluminium with oxygen are given in the following equations, where all substances are in their standard states. C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -394 kJ mol -1 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(g) H = -3352 kJ mol -1 (a) What is the value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of carbon The standard

Non-invasive Strategy for Isolating Cancer Cells

Non-invasive Strategy for Isolating Cancer Cells Here, we report non-invasive strategy for isolating cancer cells by autonomously propelled carbon nanotube (CNT) microrockets. H2O2-driven oxygen (O2) bubble-propelled microrockets were synthesized using CNT and Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the inner surface and covalently conjugating transferrin on the outer surface. Results show that self-propellant microrockets can specifically capture cancer cells. Self-propelled micro-motors have paved the way to exciting applications in biomedical field such as delivering drugs,[1] nanoscale transport and assembly,[2] motion-based biosensing disease markers and microrobotics.[3] The usage of such micromachines to transport diverse payloads is one of the next prospects for nanomotor development.[4-6] Particularly chemically powered micro-/nanomotors based on different chemical compositions and structures, that are capable of moving autonomously in the presence of hydrogen peroxide fuel are being given emphasis.[2,3,7,8] Among these, self-propelled microshuttle is lucrative for practical biomedical applications.[2-7]. Especially, fabrication of nano and micropropellant systems featuring specific cell recognitions in shortest time frame is highly anticipated and yet challenging. We report for the first time a chemically-powered CNT based magnetic micromachine for isolating and transporting cancer cells. Described microrocket technology could find a potential application as a bio-analytical micromachine for selective and rapid isolation of circulating cancer cells (CTCs). Detecting CTCs is a challenge due to the extremely low occurrence (10-100 per milliliter of blood) of CTCs among a large number of hematologic cells in the blood (109 mL-1).[10,11] Several strategies, involving immunomagnetic beads or microfluidic devices, have been designed for isolating and accounting CTCs from blood.[12-14] However, most of these approaches are limited by their slow rate and low CTC-capture yield.[13,14] Currently, only one technology is available commercially (CellSearch ®) to identify CTCs from the blood of cancer patients.[9] We recently reported rapid and specific isolation of CTC based on magneto-dendritic nanosystem [12] Here we show the preparation of bio-functionalized microrockets and their application for rapid isolation of cancer cells. Microrocket system consists of three functional components: (i) CNT, (ii) iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles for magnetic isolation, and (iii) Tf ligand (Tf) for specific targeting. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were loaded in the inner surface of CNTs as described previously with some modifications.[15] The unique advantages of the microrocket platform are: i) low density of microparticles ii) instantaneous propellant motion of microparticles (downward and upward) with an ability to ‘strike’ cancer cells in its path, iii) rapid capture (~5 min) of TfR-overexpressing (TfR+)cancer cells at the clinically relevant concentrations (approximately 1 CTC per 105 blood cells), iv) specific targeting ability due to presence of Tf ligand, which is generally used to capture cancer cells overexpressing TfR on their membranes, v) magnetic isolation of the captured cells owing to the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and (v) large surface area and internal volume allows multiple components to be loaded onto the nanotube. We followed a multi-step process (Figure 1A) to synthesize the Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 platform. Figure 1A displays the TEM image of Fe3O4-CNTs. We observed that Fe3O4 particles deposited inside CNT had a uniform size of ~ 6 nm (see supporting information; Figure S1). Moreover, the image indicates the successful assembly of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the nanotubes with 4~8 nm i.d.Coupling of Tf on CNT-Fe3O4 composite was confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (see supporting information; Figure S2). Further, Tf attachment quantified by a modified Bradford procedure was found to be ~ 0.2 mg of Tf per g of CNT-Fe3O4. The magnetic property of Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 particles was also visually evaluated in aqueous medium by placing it next to a permanent magnet (see supporting information; Figure S3). Figure 1B illustrates the self-propulsion of suspended Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microparticles mimicking microrocket in a solution containing H2O2. Microrockets initially propelled instantaneously towards the bottom of the tube and gradually reverted direction upwards. We noticed that the speed of the Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrocket was strongly dependent on the H2O2 concentration (Figure S4). As expected, the microrockets display highest speed at the maximum H2O2 (8%) concentration tested in aqueous solution. The upward directional speed of the microrockets decreases gradually from 0.90 mm†¢s-1 (at 8%) to 0.68 mm †¢ s-1 (at 4%), and subsequently to 0.56 mm †¢ s-1 (at 1%) per unit area of the particles. We hypothesize that microrocket motion is influenced by the surrounding H2O2 concentration as it affects the rate of the Fe3+ reduction to Fe2+. Notably such chemically powered micromotors are commonly incompatible with the high ionic strength environment of biological fluids and extending the scope of such microrockets to physiological conditions is a key challenge. So we studied the ability of our microrockets to propel in biological fluid such as Dulbaco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) cell media. Interestingly, the microrockets were found to propel efficiently even in DMEM containing 4% of H2O2. Figure 1B shows images of the microrocket at different vertical positions during its motion for a complete cycle. Initially, it was observed that microrockets, of smaller dimension, floated at the meniscus due to the low density and attached O2 bubbles, formed by Fe3O4 nanoparticle catalyzed decomposition of H2O2. Once the smaller bubbles dispersed, a downward movement was observed (Figure 1B) due to the gravitational force. In the meantime, more O2 bubbles formed and adhered to the Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 particle and in few seconds, the adhered O2 bubble grew larger by coalescence of several smaller bubbles. Eventually the total volume of the bubble was sufficiently high, so that the buoyancy force balanced the gravitational and viscous forces and the microrocket moved upward (Figure 1B).[16,17] Figure 2A shows the tracking trajectory of a microrocket in cell media, indicating a vertical motion. It is noted that the microrocket moved with high average speed of 0.38 mm †¢ s-1 in the downward direction and 0.62 mm †¢ s-1 in the upward movement per unit area of the particle (about 12 and 16 times its body length per second). This corresponds to a large driving force of over 231 and 300 pN, based on the drag force F=6πΠ¼rv, where v is the speed, and ÃŽ ¼ is the viscosity of the medium and r is the radius of the microrocket. Further, when the concentration of H2O2 in cell media was varied there was notable effect on the speed as shown in Figure 2B. The speed of the microrocket at 8% H2O2 concentration was ~1.9 and~1.4 times higher in the downward and upward direction than at 1% of H2O2 concentration. Also, the number of times the microrocket moved up and down changed. At high H2O2 concentration (8%) the total distance moved by the microrocket was ~2 times more than that at lower concentration (1%) (Figure S5 and S6). Moreover, it was also revealed that the speed of the microrockets was only slightly affected in DMEM. The speed of the microrocket was 10% less in DMEM cell media compared to aqueous media containing 4% H2O2. Partial blocking of Fe3O4 surface by adsorbed proteins and increased solution viscosity may be respon sible for this moderated speed. We validated the application of microrockets for selective and rapid isolation of cancer cells from a heterogeneous population by separating HCT116 cells from an artificial CTC suspension. We placed cell suspension in DMEM at the concentration of (1 x 106 cells mL-1) containing 4% H2O2. Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrockets were incubated in cell suspension for 5 min to target and isolate the HCT116 cells. We envisioned that Tf-functionalized microrockets could strike and selectively bind suspended HCT116 cells through the TfRs and finally transport them at the top of the tube from where they can be retrieved. Figure 3A illustrates the pick-up and transport of a cancer cell by a microrocket. On the other hand, Figure 3B shows cancer-cell-loaded microrocket. The force necessary for moving a relatively large (~16 mm) cancer cell is considerably high. The minimum force necessary for transporting such large cells at one body length per second in DMEM estimated from Stokes’ law is 1.88 pN. The high speed of the microrocket is slightly affected by the cell loading (e.g., decreasing from 0.62 to 0.50 mm†¢s-1 in cell media), reflecting its high towing force. We observed that Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrockets can efficiently pick-up and transport HCT116 cancer cells. We observed rapid action and selective targetability of Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrocket in capturing cells from a suspension. It also confirmed that the isolated cells remained normal for ~30 min and could be used for further studies (see supporting information; Figure S7). In addition, the HCT116 cell viability was also evaluated in DMEM containing 4% H2O2 after 1 hour. The study showed majority of the cells (78%) remained viable (Figure S7). Furthermore, in order to confirm that the specific interaction of Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrocket with TfR+ cells (such as, HCT116) is because of Tf, we used CNT- Fe3O4 microrocketwithout Tf to capture TfR+ cells (as a negative control). We found that no cells were attached to the CNT-Fe3O4 microrocket even after 5 min incubation. Hence, experiments with HCT116 confirm that after 5 min incubation, there is very little non-specific interaction of cells with the Tf-CNT-Fe3O4microrocket. In addition, to evaluate the effect of self propulsion of Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrocket on HCT116 capture, Tf-CNT (without Fe3O4) was used. It was found that Tf-CNT could capture only ~ 22% HCT116 cells (see supporting information; Figure S8). The study shows that self-propulsion of Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrocket plays a significant role in cell capture and isolation. Our final goal was to quantify the capture efficiency of microrocket while targeting cancer cells from an artificial CTC suspension. We spiked human peripheral blood mononuclear (hPBMC) cells with TfR+ GFP-labeled HCT116 cells in various hPBMC: HCT116 ratios (e.g. 1 x 103:1, 1 x 104:1 and 1 x 105:1). Cell suspensions of different ratios were incubated with Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 microrocket for 5 min prior to magnetic isolation. Following isolation, both the captured and the residual cell suspensions were imaged to estimate the number of captured and uncaptured HCT116-GFP cells in each sample. Assuming the number of captured HCT116-GFP cells to be NC, the number of uncaptured HCT116-GFP cells to be NU and following the method of Zheng et al, the capture efficiency (C.E.) for each dilution was estimated as:[18 (1) Figure 4A shows image of captured cells (green) attached to the Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 particles (black). As expected, Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 particles are seen to aggregate following magnetic separation. Figure 4B shows an image of the residual cell suspension containing hPBMC cells and, in this particular case, a single uncaptured HCT116-GFP cell is seen (shown in red circle). Figure 4C shows a plot of recovered vs. spiked HCT116 cells. The % of recovered HCT116 cells for the clinically relevant range of HCT116:hPBMC ratios (1:1 x 104 to 1:1 x 105) are highlighted separately in the histogram of Figure 4D. Cell capture studies confirmed that Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 particles can successfully capture ~ 85% of the cancer cells within 5 min from a background of hPBMNCs even when the abundance of cancer cells is as low as ~0.001% of total number of cells. Experimental Section Preparation of CNT-Fe3O4 microparticle: Purification and oxidation of CNT were carried out using a previously described literature procedure.[18] Oxidized CNTs (AO-CNT) were then mixed with ethylene glycol and water. FeCl3â‹…6H2O and FeCl2â‹…4H2O were added to the mixture and sonicated for 2 h, followed by vigorous stirring for 4 h. The pH was adjusted to ~10 using NH4OH. The resulting CNT-Fe3O4 microparticles were isolated by magnetic separation, washed with distilled water and dried overnight under vacuum. Conjugation of Tf with CNT-Fe3O4: 2 mg of Tf was dissolved in 2 mL of D.I. water and 1.0 mg of the CNT-Fe3O4 was added to it. EDC.HCl was added to this reaction mixture (adding the same number of moles of EDC.HCl as Tf) and constantly stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction time was limited to 4 h to avoid any possible intramolecular cross linking. Resulting Tf conjugated CNT-Fe3O4 microparticles were isolated by magnetic separation and dried at room temperature under vacuum. Tf-CNT-Fe3O4-cell imaging: HCT116-GFP cells were plated at a density of 2 x 105 mL-1 on glass coverslips in 35 mm culture dishes. After 24 h, HCT116 cells in 1 mL DMEM were treated with 500  µg mL-1 of Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 in a NMR tube for 5 min and then subjected to magnetic field separation. The cell pellet obtained after a minute in the strong magnetic field was removed from the remaining cell suspension (containing uncaptured cancer cells). The captured cell pellet and the residual cell suspension was imaged by a Zeiss microscope (Zeiss, Observer.Z1) fitted with a 20 Ãâ€" objective using both bright field and fluorescence channels and the number of cells were counted using ImageJ plugin.[19 Estimation of capture efficiency from artificial CTC suspension: Artificial CTC samples were prepared by spiking hPBMCs with GFP-labeled HCT116 cells at specific ratios (1:103-1:105 for HCT116:hPBMC respectively). 500  µg mL-1 Tf-CNT-Fe3O4 was added to the 1 mL of artificial CTC mixture incubated for 5 min and then subjected to magnetic field separation. The cell pellet obtained after a minute in the strong magnetic field was removed from the remaining cell suspension (containing hPBMCs and uncaptured cancer cells). The captured cell pellet and the residual cell suspension was imaged and the number of HCT116 cells were counted using ImageJ cell counter plugin.[19 Motion parameters, cell culture, isolation of human hPBMC and characterization are included in the supporting information. Conclusions We demonstrated a novel CNT based microrocket that propels efficiently by the thrust of O2 bubbles. The new self-propelled microrockets display ultrafast propulsion in aqueous solution as well as in DMEM. The microrocket displayed a driving force of over 231 and 300 pN in DMEM containing 4% H2O2. The speed and the distance travelled by the microrocket can be manipulated by changing the H2O2 concentration. The designed multifunctional microrocket has the ability to (i) rapidly target (~5 min) and efficiently capture (~85%) TfR+ cancer cells from an artificial CTC-like suspension, (ii) magnetic isolation of the captured cells from peripheral blood cells and (iii) subsequent high resolution imaging. We envision that such self-powered micromotors may provide a new and unique approach for rapid and efficient extraction of CTCs from biological fluids and hence for the early diagnosis of cancer and its recurrence.

Ghana And Mali :: essays research papers

Before Columbus sailed to the New World and before Europe reached their â€Å"Enlightenment Era† two significant kingdoms flourished on the west coast of what some refer to as the motherland: Africa. The name of these two mighty states are Ghana and Mali. Ghana was the first West African state of which their was any record. After the downfall near the end of the eleventh century, Mali rose up to take their place as the economic, religious, and cultural hub of West Africa. These two states are very similar yet differ in many ways also.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The economy of the two states are very similar. Ghanaians were primarily an agricultural community. Most of the people were substance farmers who lived off of their own farms and livestock. Many people choose to trade with neighboring villages through their chief town, Kumbi Saleh. The people of Mali were also predominately agricultural. Most people who did not engage in farming, worked as artisans. The rich mines of Bure also served as income for some people of Mali. The economies of both states were related in that they both were primarily agricultural.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Religion is another topic of comparison for the two enormous kingdoms. The Religion of Ghana during the eleventh century was a religion based on the belief that every earthly object contained good or evil spirits that had to be satisfied if the people were to prosper. However in 1076, Muslims invaded the state and converted their religion to Islam. The people of Mali were firm Muslims. These people took at least one pilgrimage a lifetime to the holy city of Mecca. They traveled in caravans across hundreds of miles of dessert to kiss the Kabba (a black stone believed to have religious powers). Both kingdoms were primarily Islamic because it allowed them to trade freely with other Islamic states.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although both kingdoms flourished, their reign of West Africa had to come to an end. The decline of Ghana began with the invasion of Muslims. Ghana still held on shortly after this, but was finished by a series of droughts that dried up important life giving rivers.

Chicken

Although online and offline experiences are quite different In practice, the goal remains the same. The mall purpose of the boutique and the website Is to create a unique and unforgettable experience for the customer. Smart brand marketers are the ones who realism luxury always was and always will be about the relationships. Luxury Interactive helps you advance the integration of traditional and interactive marketing strategies to create exceptional customer experiences, keeping your brand top of mind with your customers. Location Central London Hotel AttendeesLuxury executives in the following areas: Sales & Marketing, marketing, commerce, Interactive, Strategic Planning, Branding & Brand Management, PR & Advertising, Business Development, Corporate Communications, Strategic Partnerships, Customer Relationship Management & Loyalty Marketing, Interactive Campaign Management. History of Event Landmark 3/10 – 3/13 2008 El Meridian Piccadilly 03/16 – 03/18 2009 Decision Da te 9/30/09 What to include in Proposal Dates, Meeting Space outline with Room Names, Floor Plans, Menus, Meeting Space Rental, Distance to Metro Date Options 05/11 -05/13 2010Space Needs Days are flexible as long as no meetings are on Friday Monday 2 Offices Setup for Conference needs to be 110 Pl in crescent rounds with Stage, Riser and room for podium and panel table. (these people really like to spread out there papers and Interact in a table format) Setup to start at pm – 24 hour hold Exalt Setup to take place for 10 xx booths that need to be next to General Session this would need a setup of pm with 24 hold till breakdown on Wednesday at pm. Tuesday Conference Starts at am – pm needs to be set In crescent rounds for 110 Pl with

Abuse in Nursing Homes Essays

Abuse in Nursing Homes Essays Abuse in Nursing Homes Essay Abuse in Nursing Homes Essay Imagine being told every day when or when you can’t eat, there’s a set time for bed and you’re not allowed to leave your home without a family member. What if you were confined to 4 walls and a set of windows and when you needed something you had to wait and ask someone to get or do it for you? What if you were forced to do things you didn’t want to do? What if you were beaten, sexually, and verbally abused for simply saying no or not doing what someone says? How would you feel? What would you do? For thousands of Elderly people in nursing homes, this is their daily routine. Today I will be talking about the 3 most common types of abuse in nursing homes; abuse, mistreatment and neglect. I will show examples of these types of abuse and also ways to prevent and how to report it. The dictionary defines abuse as to treat in a harmful, injurious, or offensive way. There are also 2 different types of abuse; mental and physical abuse. Abuse includes, but it not limited to striking, hitting, kicking, punching, throwing an object, spitting, burning, pulling on a part of a resident’s body, or any form of retaliation for a resident’s behavior. Here are some examples: The next type of abuse is mistreatment. Mistreatment is more appointed towards the nurses in the elderly care facilities. The types of mistreatment elders in nursing homes would come into contact with would be exceeding a resident’s prescribed dosage of medication, using restraints as a form of retaliation rather than being put into place for a safety device, or keeping a resident confined to a closet, locked room or other enclosed area against their will. Although these are looked down upon and are illegal there are some ways that these can be used without being illegal such as; a court authorizes the medication, isolation techniques or restraints must be used or when the treatment is necessary to prevent the resident from engaging in behaviors that may be harmful to them or others. The last and final type of abuse is neglect. Neglect is the failure to provide treatment or services necessary to maintain the health or safety of a resident. Types of neglect are; failure to provide medical, dental, nursing, physical therapy, pharmacy, psychological, speech or other treatments or services, failing to carry out care plans or specific treatments or failing to provide safety measures. One of the most common types of neglect is not answering call bells or bathroom lights, an example of this is; A nursing assistant assists a female resident to a bathroom and tells her to call when she is ready to return to her room. The resident rings the call bell for five minutes and no one comes to answer it. Frustrated, the resident tries to get into her wheelchair by herself, and falls and fractures her hip. Here are some pictures of neglect. Although there are a lot of ways elders can be harmed it is preventable. Reporting abuse, mistreatment, and neglect is one of the easiest things you can do to stop abuse. Everyone can report abuse even your co-workers if you work in a facility. If you report any type of abuse it is anonymous you will not be in any sort of trouble for reporting abuse and you probably will save lives. If you find yourself in a situation where you may harm a resident, walk away. You can also call for help, get some fresh air or organize support groups. you are not alone. In conclusion elderly abuse in nursing homes is a big problem in elder services. I have shown you the 3 most common types of abuse and examples of them. Also I have shown you ways of reporting and dealing with a situation if you think you may harm anyone. Just think, would you want any of your family members looking like this? (Show picture) Then help educate, prevent and report abuse, mistreatment and neglect before this (show picture) happens.

General Carl Spaatz in World War II

General Carl Spaatz in World War II Carl Spaatz - Early Life: Carl A. Spatz was born at Boyertown, PA on June 28, 1891. The second a in his last name was added in 1937, when he grew tired of people mispronouncing his last name. Accepted to West Point in 1910, he earned the nickname Tooey due to his resemblance to fellow cadet F.J. Toohey. Graduating in 1914, Spaatz was initially assigned to the 25th Infantry at Schofield Barracks, HI as a second lieutenant. Arriving in October 1914, he remained with the unit for a year before being accepted into aviation training. Traveling to San Diego, he attended the Aviation School and graduated on May 15, 1916. Carl Spaatz - World War I: Posted to the 1st Aero Squadron, Spaatz took part in Major General John J. Pershings Punitive Expedition against Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa. Flying over the Mexican desert, Spaatz was promoted to first lieutenant on July 1, 1916. With the expeditions conclusion, he transferred to the 3rd Aero Squadron at San Antonio, TX in May 1917. Promoted to captain that same month, he soon began preparing to ship out to France as part of the American Expeditionary Force. Commanding the 31st Aero Squadron when he arrived in France, Spaatz was soon detailed to training duties at Issoundun. With the exception of one month at the British front, Spaatz remained at Issoundun from November 15, 1917 to August 30, 1918. Joining the 13th Squadron, he proved a skilled pilot and quickly earned promotion to flight leader. During his two months at the front, he downed three German aircraft and earned the Distinguished Service Cross. With the wars end, he was sent first to California and later Texas as the assistant department air service officer for the Western Department. Carl Spaatz - Interwar: Promoted to major on July 1, 1920, Spaatz spent the next four years as air officer for the Eighth Corps Area and commander of the 1st Pursuit Group. After graduating from the Air Tactical School in 1925, he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps in Washington. Four years later, Spaatz achieved some fame when he commanded the Army aircraft Question Mark which set an endurance record of 150 hours, 40 minutes, and 15 seconds. Orbiting the Los Angeles area, Question Mark remained aloft through the use of primitive mid-air refueling procedures. In May 1929, Spaatz transitioned to bombers and was given command of the Seventh Bombardment Group. After leading the First Bombardment Wing, Spaatz was accepted at the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth in August 1935. While a student there he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Graduating the following June, he was assigned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps as assistant executive officer in January 1939. With the outbreak of World War II in Europe, Spaatz was temporarily promoted to colonel that November. Carl Spaatz - World War II: The next summer he was sent to England for several weeks as an observer with the Royal Air Force. Returning to Washington, he received an appointment as assistant to the chief of Air Corps, with the temporary rank of brigadier general. With American neutrality threatened, Spaatz was named chief of the air staff at Army Air Force Headquarters in July 1941. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States entry into the conflict, Spaatz was promoted to the temporary rank of major general and named chief of the Army Air Force Combat Command. After brief tenure in this role, Spaatz took command of the Eighth Air Force and was charged with transferring the unit to Great Britain to commence operations against the Germans. Arriving in July 1942, Spaatz established American bases in Britain and began flying raids against the Germans. Shortly after his arrival, Spaatz was also named commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces in the European Theater. For his actions with the Eighth Air Force, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. With the Eighth established in England, Spaatz departed to lead the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa in December 1942. Two months later he was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant general. With the conclusion of the North Africa campaign, Spaatz became deputy commander of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces. In January 1944, he returned to Britain to become the commander of US Strategic Air Forces in Europe. In this position he led the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. While focusing on German industry, his bombers also hit targets across France in support of the Normandy invasion in June 1944. For his accomplishments in bombing, he was awarded the Robert J. Collier Trophy for achievement in aviation. Promoted to the temporary rank of general on March 11, 1945, he remained in Europe through the German surrender before returning to Washington. Arriving in June, he departed the following month to become commander of US Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific. Establishing his headquarters on Guam, he led the final US bombing campaigns against Japan utilizing the B-29 Superfortress. In this role, Spaatz supervised the use of the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. With the Japanese capitulation, Spaatz was a member of the delegation that oversaw the signing of the surrender documents. Carl Spaatz - Postwar: With the war over, Spaatz returned to Army Air Force Headquarters in October 1945, and was promoted to the permanent rank of major general. Four months later, following the retirement of General Henry Arnold, Spaatz was named the commander of the Army Air Forces. In 1947, with the passage of the National Security Act and the establishment of the US Air Force as a separate service, President Harry S. Truman selected Spaatz to serve as the first Chief of the Staff of the US Air Force. He remained in this post until his retirement on June 30, 1948. Leaving the military, Spaatz served as a military affairs editor for Newsweek magazine until 1961. During this time he also fulfilled the role of National Commander of the Civil Air Patrol (1948-1959) and sat on the Committee of Senior Advisors to the Air Force Chief of Staff (1952-1974). Spaatz died on July 14, 1974, and was buried at the US Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs. Selected Sources Air Force Magazine: Carl A. SpaatzCarl Spaatz Overview

Transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Transportation - Essay Example This paper seeks to explore general aviation and its influence on flight training as its sub-topic (Williams, 2011). Flight training uses Fits Approach, which focuses to modify safety. The program emphasizes on pilot decision making, flight simulation, flying skills learned in a cockpit, and self evaluation. It uses bad pun to counter challenges presented by the current, diverse environment hindering learning to fly. Virtual aviator also uses Fits approach in virtual flying-acting as a scoring system used to gauge series of adventures that help hone basic flying skills. The core concepts of Fits program entail situational awareness, risk management, single management of resource pilot, and decisions of aeronautical nature. This approach works as an ultimate goal that decreases aviation accidents, and address perennial crashes caused by pilot errors. It helps in measuring certain goals, missions to fly, address challenging situations prompting routine flights like changes in weather, passenger pressures, and equipment malfunctions (Williams, 2011). Modern aircrafts are tested to limit the load, wings and airframes that an aircraft carries. The airframe structure is mounted on a test fixture where it flexes for hours. The FAA profile controls loads in an airplane, especially, during flight. The tests take years because they have divisions of safety factor. The FAA also has an intensive aging aircraft program for inspecting the airplane. The program is thorough than for younger airplanes. A pilot receives training to acquire a certain rating administered by an examiner with authority. A pilot goes through certain raining and checks to pass certain types ratings (Williams, 2011). Online delivery of training expands the aviation business prospects. It brings engineers and aviation maintenance experts from all over the world. There are online classes where students learn, track their performance and get certified. The students are diverse in their

Electronic Health Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic Health - Research Paper Example E-Health provides services which let the doctors have an access to their patients’ data by maintaining their records and information about their diseases in databases and other e-Health tools, rather than using paper documents. They can assess the data, prepare prescriptions to be sent to the pharmacies via communication technology, get instant and accurate results from the laboratories directly, communicate with their patients on a regular basis no matter which part of the globe they live in, and give better suggestions regarding their health and lifestyle. On the other hand, the patients, here referred to as ePatients, can have access to doctors all around the world with the use of information and communication technology, telemedicine and e-Health systems, get diagnosis (known as remote diagnosis) and treatment regarding their diseases, and thus, remain better informed about their problems in particular and health care in general. There are a lot of e-Health forums, softwar e and web links on the internet which allow e-patients to communicate with their doctors and with other fellow patients as well. ... It has created a trustworthy doctor-patient relationship as e-Health systems ensure the patients’ privacy. It has also made it possible to achieve online education about healthcare through online sources. It provides tools, known as e-Health tools which facilitate health services like diagnosis and treatment. These include electronic databases, mobile monitors, health portals, and many more. E-Health is also cost-effective as money is not spent on staffing and traveling resources. The European Union (EU) is the leader in the development of e-Health systems and tools. According to a rough estimate, EU has spent almost â‚ ¬500 million of research funding on e-Health since 1990 (Europa). Unfortunately, there are a lot of people out there who do not have access to computer and internet, or they have less knowledge about technological advances, and thus they cannot benefit from the services of e-Health, despite the fact that such people are the most deserving of getting proper h ealthcare. In short, E-Health not only acts as a platform where the health care providers, authorities and hospitals can work closer to each other, but also acts as a medium between the doctors and patients- a medium that is just in accordance with the latest technology and the modern era. E-Health is not merely a big step in the new technology, it is also â€Å"a state-of-mind, a way of thinking, an attitude, and a commitment for networked, global thinking, to improve health care locally, regionally, and worldwide by using information and communication technology† (Eysenbach). Table 1 summarizes the advantages of e-Health described so far. Why the issue is important to me? The issue of e-Health is important to me because it can

English Language Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

English Language Learners - Essay Example The paper analyzes that primary language teaching helps both teachers and students. It helps teachers and students properly communicate with each other. Students can ask questions to their teachers in their native languages, which is not easy if the communication language is other than their native languages. Moreover, students can also share their ideas more effectively with their teachers. Teachers are able to transfer knowledge to their students easily. It is also easy for the students to understand the concepts in their native languages because of their familiarity with those languages. Today, most of the companies prefer to hire such individuals who are proficient in speaking the English language. Those students, who have less understanding of English, are unable to get high paying jobs. Thus, the number of job opportunities decrease for such students, which is a major disadvantage of being less proficient in speaking English. Today, a major portion of the working class from the underdeveloped countries is working in the developed countries, such as America, England, and Canada. In all of these countries, English is the language, which people use in every social, political, and professional matter. Those people, who go from other countries to these countries for any purpose, need to have a good understanding of the English language in order to be successful. Therefore, we can say that English should be the global language because of its present and predicted widespread use in every part of the world.

Networking Concepts Essay Example for Free

Networking Concepts Essay Benefit of network Network: Network is very popular common word now. It is a collection of computers, printers, and other electronic devices which is linked by cables or wireless devices; it can make a situation for them to communicate with each other. For the welfare of network individuals are able to share and exchange information (files and programs), access common services (email and applications), and share hardware (printers, servers, image scanners, and fax machines). picture of LAN/MAN/WAN network The Name of Network LAN (Local Area Network: It is a small geographical area (Room, Building or a Campus) of networking MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): If network in a city than it is called MAN. WAN (Wide Area Network): If network spread geographically (Country of across Globe) than it is called WAN. Advantage of network: It offers a wide range of advantages. It help to transferee filesAA one computer to another, centralized printers, centralized information (an intranet web server, for example). For it programs can be run off a server, so updating means updating a single program, not one on each computer (which can be a nightmare if there are a few hundred computers), centralized data backup Disadvantage of network: To drive up network . there are many equipment needed which is much cost. Virtual Private Networking Service: Virtual Private Networking Service is failure for a secure network connection which can be taken on top of a public network, such as the Internet or Education Wireless Integrated Network. For the help of it Internet’s  infrastructure can move secured data to and from the campus network. It play an indispensable role    off-campus students and staff to access the Universitys online resources in the home computer,  through their ISP (Internet Service Providers) like Signet, Star Hub, etc. using dial-up or broadband service. We can also get the facility of Universitys  e-services or computing facilities that are not made available on  the Internet or WWW (World-Wide Web In this case we can do Laboratorys UNIX servers, network printers, file shares, personal web storage folders, etc for the help of network. Picture of Virtual private networ VPN on NTUwireless: There are also some risks in wireless network. So in this case to keep our privacy on NTUwireless, our campus wireless network, we can  use  this VPN service to dial-out of NTUwireless – as like as we normally use VPN on the Internet to access NTU network. To connect wired  network to the campus, VPN connection is not necessary. This service is not turned on for  the wired network. VPN client behind the corporate firewall: Most organizations and universities  have some form of firewall implementations on their  Internet gateway to except for Signet, Star hub or the overseas ISP If there is a firewall in your organization, you  should use SSL VPN to connect. or, If you want to connect NTU with Microsoft VPN, the organization’s Firewall  requires PPTP traffic  via TCP port 1723 ;amp; GRE protocol to  pass through the  Firewall. Network Installations: networking of a communications system through to planning, designing, installing and maintaining the system. (Picture of network installation Connect Systems work is able to provide the best computer network design and specification, meeting both present and ongoing requirements to each client and is closely with each client. We offer a wide number of benefit to all client . These include recommend, supply and install all the necessary hardware and software for your network installations, as well as we offer tuning and support system . To provide a total data and voice transport system including help and advice with the design and fitting of client’s computer rooms a structured wiring can be installed. The necessary thing or installation: Windows Vista/2003/XP * Cyrix Presentation Server ;amp; Access Essentials * Internet, Firewall and VPN connectivity solutions including Cisco PIX, Symantec Enterprise Firewall installation and configuration * E-mail products including Exchange, Lotus Notes and Outlook, Mobile email via Blackberry and Windows mobile devices * Back-up software including Arc serve and Backup Exec * An ti-virus solutions including Trend Micro * Content Checking technology such as Minesweeper and Super Scout * Supply and configuration of server and PC hardware. Operating system of network: Net work operating system: It is an operating system which has components and programs to allow a computer on a network to serve request from other computer in term of data providing access to other resources such as printer and file systems Some steps of simple file and print sharing: Content 1. File Sharing Basics 2. Naming Computers 3. Install File and Print Sharing 4. Disable Simple Sharing 5. Disable Firewalls and Other Software 6. Create User Accounts 7. Sharing the Folder 8. How to Check Which Folders are Shared 9. Mapping a Network Drive 10. How to Remove File Sharing 11. Sharing Printers with Others on Your Network 12. Troubleshooting File and Print Sharing Install file and print sharing: Our task is to go into your Network contractions under the Local Area Connection Properties window, and need check whether S the General tab is included or not. We can use the following items for this connection. Or the Components are checked by this connection section, we can check that File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks can list we have to be aware about that the checkbox is checked. If it is listed, the computer is already configured for file sharing; click Cancel. If it is not listed, then Click Install button. Click on Service. Click Add. What we need for instillation: . Click OK. We might need your Windows install CD and if the computer asks to restart, click yes. We can use the following operating system: We can use the following operating system: 1. JUNOS. Used in routers and switches from Juniper Networks. Cisco JOS (formerly ‘Cisco Internet work Operating System’) is a NOM having a focus on the internetworking capabilities of network device. It is used on Cisco System router and some network switches. 2.

rates of chemical reactions- lo3 questions

rates of chemical reactions- lo3 questions Rates of Chemical Reactions- LO3 Questions 1.1 Two Grand-Pa tablets would have the same effect as one Grand-Pa powder this is because Grand-Pa Headache Tablets each contain, Aspirin: 226,8mg, Paracetamol: 162,0mg and Caffeine: 32,4mg where as Grand-Pa Headache Powders each contain Aspirin: 453,6mg, Paracetamol: 324,0 mg and Caffeine: 64,8 mg thus to obtain the same dosage of ingredients, twice the dosage, thus one would have to take two tablets to equal one powder. 1.2 Drinking them with warm water will allow for a faster reaction rate thus allowing the effect of the pain killer to work faster. Also, if the powder is dissolved into a small amount of water then the solution will be more concentrated and will therefore be able to get to work in a more effective manner quicker, which will allow for the powder to work quicker in relief of pain. 1.3 The granules in the powder have a larger combined surface area than that of a tablet, which results in a reaction with the water to be done quicker with the powder for, resultant of the larger exposed surface area of the granules, more reactions occur/are allowed to occur at a quicker rate between the reacting particles. The tablet, being comprised of compounded granules together, the collisions between the reacting particles is limited for the surface area of one whole tablet is less than the combined surface area of granules. Therefore less reactions are allowed/do occur, therefore the powders provide faster relief than the tablets for they react faster with the water and thus will work faster in supplying pain relief. 1.4Total: 453.6mg+324.0mg+64.8mg=842.4mg Aspirin: (453.6mg/842.4mg) * 100/1=53.85% Paracetemol: (324.0mg/842.4mg)*100/1=38.46% Caffeine: (64.8mg/842.4mg)*100/1=7.69% 1.5 Symptoms of Overdose Aspirin: These include dizziness, tinnitus, sweating, nausea, vomiting, mental confusion, hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, ketosis and depression of the central nervous system. In children serious signs of overdosage may develop rapidly. May include: burning pain in the throat/stomach, confusion, mental/mood changes, fainting, weakness, ringing in the ears, fever, rapid breathing, change in the amount of urine, seizures and loss of consciousness. Paracetamol: Liver damage which may be fatal may only appear after a few days. Symptoms of overdosage include nausea and vomiting. Acute intoxication causes kidney failure. Pallor, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain. Liver damage may become apparent 12 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abnormalities of glucose metabolism and metabolic acidosis may occur. In severe poisoning: hepatic failure may progress to encephalopathy, haemorrhage, cerebral endema (brain swelling), and death. Cardiac arrhythmias and pancreatitis have been reported. Caffeine: Large doses may cause restlessness, excitement, muscle tremor, tinnitus, scintillating scotoma, tachycardia, extrasystoles, restlessness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, dieresis (frequent urination), gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitches, rambling flow of thought and speech, tachycardia or cardiac arythmia (fluctuating heart patterns), periods of inexhaustibility (continuous awareness) and psychomotor agitation ( trouble sitting still and being calm). 1.6 I would advise them not to, because they are already coffee addicts they are probably taking in a lot of caffeine already thus to take the Grand-Pa powders would increase their risk of an overdose. It also has the ability to enhance the effects of paracetamol and aspirin so not only will the caffeine have an effect on the persons body in an overdose situation, but the other contents of the Grand-Pa powders, namely the aspirin and the paracetamol will also have an effect on the body, and the combination of all three of them in an overdose situation will result in certain kidney failure and death resultantly. 2.1 The surface area of wood flour is great, because it is composed of grains which are very small this would cause for a large, sudden explosive effect should the cigarette ignition come into contact with the wood flour. The concentration of the reactants (the wood flour) is great having the granules that are very small and in piles together. Should the ignition/flame from the cigarette come into contact with the piles of the wood flour an explosive effect, resultant of the concentration of the wood flour. The application of the heat to the piles of wood flour will result in the reaction, for the increase in heat will result in a reaction and will work in supplying the sudden reaction of the wood flour parts. The smoking of a cigarette is also banned because cigarette ash can serve as a catalyst and when coming into contact and mixing with wood flour it can become a highly volatile blend. The owners of these mills do not wish to lose their supply and suffer damages to their faciliti es thus; they prohibit people from smoking or bringing fire or ignited material into the mill. A dust explosion is the explosive combustion of a dust suspended in air in an enclosed location, which results in harmful effects of overpressure, thermal radiation, and ensuing projectiles. Many materials which are commonly known to combust can generate a dust explosion, such as coal, sawdust, and magnesium. However, many otherwise mundane materials can also lead to a dangerous dust cloud such as grain, flour, sugar, powdered milk and pollen. Mining of coal leads to coal dust and flour mills likewise have large amounts of flour dust as a result of milling. A similar problem occurs in saw mills and other places dedicated to carpentry. The dust must also consist of very small particles, where the surface area is very large, and so will support combustion. Dust is defined as powders with particles less than about 500 micrometres in diameter, but finer dust will present a much greater hazard than coarse particles by virtue of the larger surface area. There are five necessary conditions for a dust explosion: A combustible dust; (Flour or Wood Flour) The dust is suspended in the air at a proper concentration; (Possible) There is an oxidant (typically atmospheric oxygen); (Possible) The dust is confined; (Yes) There is an ignition source. (Provided by cigarette) Thus there is a high risk of a dust explosion already and the cigarette would just complete the necessary conditions by providing an ignition source. 2.2.1 Use of Oxidant Concentration Reduction Use of Deflagration venting through a dust retention and flame-arresting device 2.2.2 Use of Deflagration venting Use of Deflagration pressure containment Use of Deflagration suppression Use of masks to ensure the reduction of the inhalation of the wood flour. 2.3 1. As an absorbent Absorbent qualities are utilized in cleansers to remove unwanted water, oils, or greases from such articles as delicate machinery parts, jewellery, and furs, or to carry cleansing, poisonous, or other chemical agents to an object. In the manufacture of dynamite, the extreme sensitivity of the explosive agent can be reduced to safe levels by solidifying the liquid nitro-glycerine by absorbing it in a solid medium such a3 wood flour. 2. As decorative material Wood flour is used decoratively in the production of â€Å"oatmeal† and â€Å"velvet† wallpapers, where decoration by design and texture is provided by wood flour, coloured as desired, onto a prepared paper surf ace. 3.1Iron (a porous iron catalyst prepared by reducing magnetite, Fe3O4) Osmium is a much better catalyst for the reaction but is very expensive. 3.2 A catalyst such as an iron catalyst is used to speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy so that the N2 bonds and H2 bonds can be more readily broken. The catalyst has no affect whatsoever on the position of the equilibrium. Adding a catalyst doesnt produce any greater percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture. Its only function is to speed up the reaction. In the absence of a catalyst the reaction is so slow that virtually no reaction happens in any sensible time. The catalyst ensures that the reaction is fast enough for a dynamic equilibrium to be set up within the very short time that the gases are actually in the reactor. Catalysts lower the activation energy in a reaction by holding particles onto their surface and pointing them into the right direction for a product to form, which in this case is Ammonia. This catalyst, Iron (Fe3O4) , is used for it is ideal for allowing the nitrogen (N2 (g) ) and hydrogen (3H2 (g) )reactants to react and form the produ cts which entails Ammonia (2NH3 (l) ) rapidly. 3.3Ammonia; NH3 (l) 3.4 Fertilizer: Approximately 83% (as of 2003) of ammonia is used as fertilizers either as its salts or as solutions. Consuming more than 1% of all man-made power, the production of ammonia is a significant component of the world energy budget. Cleaner: Household ammonia is a general purpose cleaner that can be used on many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on or caked-on grime. As a fuel: Ammonia was used during World War II to power buses in Belgium, and in engine and solar energy applications prior to 1900. Liquid ammonia was used as the fuel of the rocket airplane, the X-15. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no soot in the reusable rocket engine and its density approximately matches that for the oxidizer, liquid oxygen, which simplified the aircrafts design.

Foreign Aid Programs are a Great Investment :: Politics Political Essays

The United States has proven again and again that foreign aid can be a worthwhile venture. While donating less than one half of one percent of the federal budget towards economic and humanitarian assistance, the United States has been able to establish trading markets for the present as well as the future. Between 1990 and 1993 alone, U.S. exports to developing nations increased by $46 billion ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). This dramatic change would not have happened if it were not for foreign assistance programs. Trade opportunities do not simply materialize, the groundwork must first be put in place. Through business code reforms, the strengthening of commercial banks, and the setting of reasonable tax and tariff standards, USAID helps to create an environment that will attract American investment and trade. Take for instance, the example of South Korea. During the 1960s and 70s, South Korea was one of the United States' prime targets for foreign assistance. The U.S. now exports more to South Korea in one year than was donated during both the 1960s and 70s. Because of this, the two have become extremely close allies, and are now two of the best trading partners in the world ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). Likewise, financially aided agricultural research in developing countries has resulted in millions of dollars of improved yields for U.S. farmers ("USAID Research Helps U.S. Farmers" ). By 1992, two-thirds of the United States rice acreage was planted in varieties acquired through agricultural research funded through foreign assistance programs. With this technology, the United States is now the world's second leading rice exporter ("Agricultural Research"). As another example, while in Latin America, USAID invested less than $5 million in the research of greenbug resistant hybrids. By 1989, economic gains to the United States had reached almost $400 million. Due to a recent breakthrough, U.S. foreign assistance research has lead to a rust free wheat crop. Kansas and Oklahoma alone are expected to save over $90 million in harvest costs ("Agricultural Research" ). Furthermore, according to USAID at the International Development Conference on January 1995, 200,000 U.S. jobs were created through foreign aid programs. This was possible because USAID requires "nearly all foreign aid be spent on U.S. Foreign Aid Programs are a Great Investment :: Politics Political Essays The United States has proven again and again that foreign aid can be a worthwhile venture. While donating less than one half of one percent of the federal budget towards economic and humanitarian assistance, the United States has been able to establish trading markets for the present as well as the future. Between 1990 and 1993 alone, U.S. exports to developing nations increased by $46 billion ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). This dramatic change would not have happened if it were not for foreign assistance programs. Trade opportunities do not simply materialize, the groundwork must first be put in place. Through business code reforms, the strengthening of commercial banks, and the setting of reasonable tax and tariff standards, USAID helps to create an environment that will attract American investment and trade. Take for instance, the example of South Korea. During the 1960s and 70s, South Korea was one of the United States' prime targets for foreign assistance. The U.S. now exports more to South Korea in one year than was donated during both the 1960s and 70s. Because of this, the two have become extremely close allies, and are now two of the best trading partners in the world ("Ten Questions Commonly Asked About U.S. Foreign Assistance Programs"). Likewise, financially aided agricultural research in developing countries has resulted in millions of dollars of improved yields for U.S. farmers ("USAID Research Helps U.S. Farmers" ). By 1992, two-thirds of the United States rice acreage was planted in varieties acquired through agricultural research funded through foreign assistance programs. With this technology, the United States is now the world's second leading rice exporter ("Agricultural Research"). As another example, while in Latin America, USAID invested less than $5 million in the research of greenbug resistant hybrids. By 1989, economic gains to the United States had reached almost $400 million. Due to a recent breakthrough, U.S. foreign assistance research has lead to a rust free wheat crop. Kansas and Oklahoma alone are expected to save over $90 million in harvest costs ("Agricultural Research" ). Furthermore, according to USAID at the International Development Conference on January 1995, 200,000 U.S. jobs were created through foreign aid programs. This was possible because USAID requires "nearly all foreign aid be spent on U.S.

Effective Environmental Impact Management through Ecotourism

The world has seen the growth of tourism increase dramatically in the past fifty years and with this growth comes a concern for the cultural and environmental impacts associated with it. Ecotourism is the new breed of tourism based around the concept of nature and cultural appreciation, espoused by many to bring significant economic benefits to the host countries as well as being a sustainable alternative to mass tourism. The aim of this paper is to review the literature that focuses on the environmental impacts of ecotourism. This will be achieved through the discussion of five key areas. First, the multitude of definitions surrounding ecotourism will be examined with a view to identifying the core concepts. Second, the key players involved in the ecotourism industry will be identified. Third, the positive and negative impacts associated with ecotourism will be discussed. Fourth, the contributing factors that determine the level of environmental impact. Fifth, the future of ecotourism and how it can be managed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations for future research. World tourism is growing in terms of number of travellers as well as in economic expansion (World Tourism Organisation (W. T. O), 1997) and as the worlds largest industry (Nelson, 1993) it earns approximately $US 2. 5 trillion annually (Dearden, 1993). Tourism takes on many different guises and nature-tourism is one of these, which, in it's most sustainable form has been labelled ecotourism. Within the worldwide tourism industry ecotourism is one of the fastest growing sectors (Eagles, 1995) and according to a 2001 W. T. O and United Nations Environment Programme study ecotourism may represent between two and four percent of global tourism (W. T. O, 1997). Although this is a relatively small percentage share it is not the volume that is significant but the fact that it is a type of tourism that attempts to minimise the negative effects of traditional mass tourism, be these economic, social or environmental (Doan, 2000). There has been a proliferation of ecotourism-related articles in professional journals since the late 1980s (Sirakaya, 1999) and due to the expansive nature of ecotourism the literature covers a multitude of topics. It is for this reason that for the purpose of this paper I have focused on the journals that are concerned particularly with the environmental impacts of ecotourism. These journals take the form of definition articles (Edwards, 1998; Sirakaya, 1999; Fennel, 2000), articles on particular case studies (Burton, 1998; Doan, 2000; Thomlinson, 1996; Obua, 1997; Nianyong, 2001; Chin, 2000), and articles on impact related aspects from more of a resource point of view (Beaumont, 2001; Tyler, 1999; Acott, 1998). Section 1: Defining the Concept of Ecotourism Before even beginning to identify what environmental impacts ecotourism is having on the environment it is important to clarify the concept of what it is. The problems of defining ecotourism have been debated at length (Blamey, 1997), and there is a tremendous amount of literature exploring the definitions of ecotourism. It can be observed that Ceballos-Lascurain (1983) was one of the first people to provide a working definition (Sirakaya, 1999; Thomlinson, 1996; Edwards, 1998; Fennel, 2001). His definition was normative and he suggested that ecotourism incorporates the notions of travelling to relatively untouched natural areas with the objective of enjoying and admiring the area's natural and cultural manifestations. From that period on the definitions came to include the notion of ecological sustainability and that ecotourism should provide economic benefits for local people, as well as provide funds for conservation of the visited areas (Boo, 1990; Lindberg and Hawkins, 1993; Tyler, 1996). Researchers from the field of biological research tend to focus mainly on the environmental aspects of the definition (Tyler, 1999; Nianyong, 2001; Acott et al. , 1998) when using the term ecotourism in their research papers. While others have not included a definition of what they consider ecotourism to stand for (Obua, 1997; Burton, 1998), suggesting that people reading articles in the tourism journals are assumed to have a comprehensive understanding of what the term ecotourism means. In the recent years research focusing on the definitions of ecotourism have been performed through content analysis of pre-existing definitions, one such being by Sirakaya (1999) who looked at it from a supply side view and identified whether tour-operators in the America's viewed themselves in fit with their own ecotourism definitions and policies. These definitions took a normative and positive viewpoint that can also be seen in Fennels (2001) article. He also used a content analysis method and incorporated the concept of definition alterations over time as well as differentiating between definitions provided by government and individuals (researchers) mainly in the Americas. Perhaps the most exhaustive study of definitions was undertaken by Edwards et al (1998), who conducted a content analysis of the ecotourism policies employed by the government agencies of all the countries in the America's. All these content analyses provide a fresh insight into the definition of ecotourism although they are biased due to the fact that they use very few definitions provided by researchers and governments outside of the America's. A commonly cited definition that I think encapsulates the main findings of the three content analysis studies previously described (Sirakaya, 1999; Fennels, 2001; Edwards et al. , 1998) is one that originated from the Ecotourism Society (1993), and for the purpose of this review is the definition I shall be using. It is:- Purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the cultural and natural history of the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local citizens. Section 2: Identification of the Key Players in the Ecotourism Industry In this section I will identify four different groups who have key roles to play in the ecotourism industry; the communities residing in the host ecotourism country/area, the tourists, the tour operators, and the government agencies. All of the above groups are interconnected and affect each other and in turn effect the environmental impact on ecotourism destinations, this will be discussed further in section four. The literature only provides very fleeting references into the nature of the communities that are affected by ecotourism. The main way that local communities would appear to get involved in the ecotourism industry is through being employed in the local tourist activities. Be it through building accommodation (Obua, 1997), guiding (Chin et al. , 2000), or by being involved in local conservation projects (Nianyong, 2001). Yet even descriptions of these activities are very minimal and so will not be addressed further in this review. On a general level of description about the tourist group the authors tend to refer to them as eco-tourists (Beumont, 2001; Acott, 1998), and they are observed to be mainly westerners (Chin et al. , 2000). It is agreed that all eco-tourists have the underlying wish to travel to natural areas with a view to appreciating the unspoilt environment (Tyler, 1999; Beumont, 2001; Acott, 1998) and within this concept is the discussion in the literature concerning the ‘spectrum' of nature based tourists (Burton, 1998). Beumont (2001) identified a range of different types of nature based travellers by suggesting that each eco-tourist is unique in terms of their knowledge of the nature and attitude towards it. This idea can be seen in a slightly different guise in Acott's (1998) research which takes a much more phenomenological approach and segments eco-tourists into ‘shallow' and ‘deep' groups. Shallow eco-tourists are of an anthropocentric frame of mind in that they view humans as separate from nature and that nature is an instrument that serves human ends. ‘Deep' eco-tourists adopt a much more holistic view of the world and view humans to be intrinsically linked with the environment. Burton (1998) identifies these differing types as ‘casual' and ‘dedicated' eco-tourists with ‘dedicated' ones having higher expectations in terms of the quality of the ecotourism experience. Eco-tourism as a product is delivered by the ecotour operators and companies (Thomlinson, 1996). They characteristically have the parent business located in the base country (predominantly western) who prepare nature tour packages and then co-ordinate with the other half of their business in the destination country (Higgins, 1996). The majority are small-scale operations (Blamey, 1995; McArthur, 1994). This enables the operators to practice environmentally responsible practices and to ensure high quality experiences for the tourists (Burton 1998; Thomlinson, 1996). In compliance with the definition of ecotourism ecotour operators ideally should act in an environmentally responsible manner yet many researchers suggest that they are masquerading as ecotour companies and use the term ecotourism as a marketing tool (Nianyong, 2001; Thomlinson, 1996; Beaumont, 2001; Burton, 1998). With respect to government agencies involvement and attitudes towards ecotourism the content analysis study conducted by Edwards et al. 1998) provides the most comprehensive insight into their agenda's. As well as this empirical study the literature identifies them as playing an important role in the management of the ecotourism industry with them being the creators of the policies which control the exploitation of natural areas (Nianyong, 2001; Chin et al. , 2000; Beaumont, 2001; Burton, 1998). This is especially true when the ecotourism activities take place in national parks as designated by governments (Obua, 1997; Nianyong, 2001; Woodward, 1996). The influence they have on environmental impact management will be discussed further in section 4. Section 3: The Positive and Negative Environmental Impacts. The positive environmental impacts are essentially indirect benefits that are derived from educating tourists on environmental issues, and providing economic benefits for the destination country/area to aid in conservation of their natural resources. With respect to issue of education Beumont (1998) cites the writings of Boo (1991) and Goudberg et al. 1991) who argue that ecotourism provides environmental education or interpretation for participants which in turn creates awareness and understanding of the natural environment therefore creating support for conservation. This idea is supported by Chin et al. (2000: 31) whose qualitative study based around a questionnaire completed by 210 eco-tourists who visited Bako national park in Borneo. It showed that â€Å"90% of respondents indicated the importance of learning about nature as part of their experience, suggesting that visitors to Bako would be highly receptive to educational strategies. It is the ecotour operators who are essentially the main providers of the environmental education and Blamey (1995) notes that ecotour operators in Australia primarily set up their businesses because of their personal interest in the environment. Economic benefits derived from ecotourism and that positively impact the environment take a number of forms. Boo (1990) argues that ecotourism can stimulate the economy and in turn generate direct funding for conservation. An example of this is where Doan (2000) cites Wells (1993) who talks about mountaineering fees that are being used for the cleanup of Sagmarth National Park in Nepal, and has led to increased ecological quality. An indirect environmental benefit derived from ecotourism is that it provides an alternative to more damaging types of industry (Thomlinson, 1996). This can be seen in a case study (Obua, 1997) where forest ecotourism was introduced in the Kibale National Park as a sustainable industry instead of ruining the environment through logging. The definition provided by the Ecotourism Society suggests that ecotourism should not alter the integrity of the ecosystem, yet as Tyler and Dangerfield (1999) argue almost any level of human exploitation has impacts on an ecosystem. His qualitative research took the viewpoint of resource management, the resource being the ecosystems that are exploited by ecotourism, and points out that most of the ecosytems that are visited have developed independently of human interaction and have to adapt rapidly to deal with the human incursion, depending on the level of human disturbance. Tyler (1999) does point out that marine environments are particularly susceptible to the development of ecotourism, a topic researched at length by Mason (1998) who, through the use of a qualitative research tool assessed the potential effects on two marine environments and found that predominantly negative biophysical effects occurred due to development of ecotourism. A study on forest degradation due to ecotourism (Obua, 1997) was the only quantitative research on the subject of environmental impact that was found in the literature. Perhaps an area for future research? Other environmental impacts of ecotourism outlined in the literature take the form of general comments about how animal behaviour is disrupted with particular reference to altered eating habits (Burger, 1998; Tyler, 1999; Thomlinson, 1996). Pollution created in the forms of rubbish as well as water and vehicle pollution which is also mentioned in the literature (Mason, 1998; Chin et al. , 2000; Nianyong, 2001) as well as damage done to vegetation due to trampling. An indirect environmental impact that is discussed in some depth by Burton (1998) and to a lesser extent Beaumont (2001) is the fact that most eco-tourists have the expectation of appreciating the natural environment without the presence of large numbers of people. This has led to the exploitation of previously untouched area in an attempt to provide ecotourists with quality experiences. Section 4: Determining the level of Environmental Impact In the literature one of the biggest debates is whether eco-tourism leads to mass-tourism and it's associated environmental problems (Beaumont, 2001; Doan, 2000; Mason, 1998; Obua, 1997). Even if it does not lead to fully-fledged mass-tourism it agreed throughout the literature that an increase in visitors to sensitive natural environments causes an increase in associated environmental impacts. Discussion on at what point the number of tourists is too much for a destination focuses on the concept of carrying capacity (Doan, 2000; Thomlinson, 1996). This is the theoretical limit to the number of tourists that an area can sustain without deleterious effects (Boo, 1990). They also refer to Butler's life cycle model and Burton (1998) cites Thomlinson's (1996) empirical evidence, and argues that once the number of tourists reach a certain level then ecotourism turns into mass-tourism. So as described, the number of tourists converging on a destination is a key factor on the level of environmental impact, yet what factors contribute to the differing numbers of ecotourists? A common idea in the literature is the attitudes of the governing bodies towards the development of ecotourism sites (Thomlinson, 1996; Obua, 1997; Chin et al. 2000; Nianyong, 2001). A common theme is that governments have been tempted by the prospect of making a ‘quick buck', and therefore do not put in place policies limiting exploitation of their countries natural resources, and policies limiting numbers of tourists. Although one country that has minimised environmental impacts through limiting the number of western tourists is Bhutan (Brunet, 2001), yet not totally as they s till allow an unlimited number of Indians to cross their borders, a policy controlled by the government! Nianyong (2001) also illustrates that governments should be instrumental in helping to develop environmentally responsible policies within their country as well as providing funds for research. Yet in the case of Nianyongs' research which was a survey conducted in China, he points out that a lot of ecotourism destinations are in the third world, this is can be seen in the way that most of the case studies on ecotourism are based in the third world. These host countries can't afford to provide funds for appropriate ecotourism development, a point corroborated by Chin et al. 2000) whose study was based in Malaysia. Yet paradoxically authorities were responsible for increasing the number of eco-tourists to the Bako national park in 1988 through tourism promotion. Chin et al. (2000) suggests that this was driven by economic interests. The next area of discussion focuses on how eco-tour operators affect the level of environmental impact that ecotourism destinations experience. As previous ly mentioned it is suggested that eco-tour operators are simply exploiting the concept of ecotourism by using it as a marketing tool. Burton (1998) cites a number of researchers who suggest that surveys indicate that a large number of eco-tour operators cannot be considered to act in an environmentally responsible manner (Botrill and Pearce, 1995; Weiler, 1992; Holden & Kealy, 1996; Jones, 1993). This obviously has serious implications for the level of environmental impact and in Belize supposedly ecotourism companies have destroyed large swaths of mangrove swamps in order to develop luxury bungalows (Thomlinson, 1996). Also although most eco-tour operators are small businesses there are so many of them they can negatively impact the environment through a cumulative effect (Thomlinson, 1996; Beaumont, 2001). As illustrated the number of ecotourists descending upon an area is one of the main factors determining the level of environmental impact Yet there are references in the literature that point out that it is the innate attitude of the actual eco-tourist towards pro-environmental causes that plays an important part in the level of environmental impact that ecotourism destinations experience (Acott, 1998; Chin et al. 2000; Beaumont, 2001). Acott (1998) who discusses ecotourism in terms of ‘shallow' and ‘deep' differentiates different types of eco-tourists in terms of the level to what extent they pursue environmentally sustainable lifestyles. He uses the example of a low impact eco-traveller who stays in very basic accommodation and pursues a minimal impact experience compared to a larg e group of bird watchers staying in a luxury hotel with the expectation of a westernised ecotourism experience. Section 5: The Future of Ecotourism The focus of this section is to identify the numerous variables correlated with the success of ecotourism as a sustainable option for the future, and the recommendations documented in the literature to ensure the long-term success of ecotourism. As it is recognised that large numbers of tourists have detrimental affects on the environment, many of the researchers talk about limiting visitor numbers (Burton, 1998; Thomlinson, 1996; Nianyong, 2001; Chin et al. 2000). Yet how many is too many? Tyler (1999) and to a lesser extent Doan (2000) suggest that the resource base (the ecotourism destination) as an ecosystem needs to be considered primarily, and to define saleable products that will have an absorbable impact. In relation to actually controlling the number of visitors it is generally agreed that government tourism agencies are ones who have the power to implement these controls. Thomlinson (1996) suggests that infrastructure should be limited thus discouraging large scale tours, this was actually achieved in Bako National Park Malaysia, whereby the authorities decided not to build a main road into the park and only allow tourists access to the park via river boats. Nianyong (2001) also suggests that operators wishing to establish ecotourism businesses in national parks should have to obtain licenses thereby maintaining the integrity of the industry. There are also suggestions that as ecotourism is after all a business, causing smaller eco-tour operators (who have less of an impact on the evironment) being forced out of the market by larger operators. These larger operators are seen to be the leading edge of mass tourism and achieve greater profits through economies of scale (Burton, 1998, Thomlinson, 1996). Therefore they argue that government agencies need to promote and perhaps subsidise the smaller operatives and restrict the growth of larger operators. Yet the tension that exists with governments, especially in third world countries, is that they lack funds and by limiting the number tourists they are limiting the economic benefits provided by the ecotourism industry. These government agencies have to realise that although increase in visitor numbers means greater profits, eco-tourists want to experience nature without being crowded by other humans (Burton, 1998). Boo (1990: 96) noted in reference to the environmental effects of ecotourism ‘that tourism, if not managed properly, can destroy tourism'. The issue of educating eco-tourists is the other fundamental tool that can be used in maintaining the sustainability of ecotourism. By creating positive attitudes towards environmental preservation amongst tourists it fosters awareness about the future implications of ecotourism amongst the very people who are the consumers of the product, and who directly impact the environment they are visiting. Fortunately according to Sirakaya's (1999) research ‘according to tour operators, ecotourism also includes involvement in after travel to inspire personal responsibility'. The raises the point addressed at length by Beaumont (2001) that it is the responsibility of the eco-tour operators to provide quality education to the tourists. Nianyong (2001) also points out that local communities in the host destination need to be educated and involved and encouraged to participate in environmental conservation. A point only briefly touched upon in other articles. Section 6: Conlusion Five lines of enquiry were discussed, each focusing on different aspects. However, these aspects are highly interconnected. The first section outlined how research into the definitions of ecotourism had mainly been qualitative. Recently however the research has tended to be functionalist in nature with quantitative studies employing content analysis techniques as a means to attempt to settle the definition debate. I observed definite core themes in the research yet felt as did the most recent researchers did that pinpointing an exact definition was act of futility, due to the global nature of ecotourism. Yet the definition I used at the bottom of section 1 provided the basis of reference for the duration of the review. In the second and third section the research findings illustrated the interconnectedness of the key players in the ecotourism industry and the effects they are having as a whole on the environment. The articles that were found to provide the best insight into the detailed effects of what environmental impacts ecotourism has on host countries were found in Case Study articles, where various regions were examined in depth. Although a problem with these case studies was that they were slightly limited in that they all examined ecotourism activities in national parks. I would suggest future research that focuses on areas that are not national parks, but which do accommodate ecotourism, one such place being Kodaikanal in southern India, a place where as an ecotourist myself, inspired this review. There was also a distinct lack of detailed quantitative research of a geographical nature into environmental impacts, yet research of this nature is inherently difficult due to the complex nature of ecosystems. Section four and five viewed ecotourism and it's capacity to minimise environmental damage in the context of ‘the bigger picture' by pulling together the previous sections. The literature acknowledged that ecotourism is a business after all and that market forces as with nearly everything in this world are driving factors behind whether ecotourism is a success or not in the future. Yet it can be seen just through observing the recent initiation of new journals such as the Journal of Sustainable Tourism that there is concern for the well-being the environment, especially with the dramatic annual growth of tourism. Therefore research into the ecotourism industry will almost certainly continue apace. This is fortunate as Tyler (1999) points out there are a multitude of dimensions and paradigms associated with ecotourism research, ranging from philosophy to ecological economics. To conclude, the future of ecotourism is an uncertain one. Negative environmental impacts have definitely been observed, although in other areas where effective policies have been implemented the environment has apparently not suffered and the sustainability of the industry is assured. There is evidence that supports the theory that ecotourism leads to mass tourism and it's associated problems. Yet, I would observe that the commonality amongst all these issues is that geographical location causes the differing variables associated with ecotourism development and is the deciding factor as to whether ecotourism can be implemented successfully to protect the environment. This is where further research should be directed enabling future ecotourism planners to have a reference point according to their global location.